Search Results (77030 CVEs found)

CVE Vendors Products Updated CVSS v3.1
CVE-2023-53485 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-01-23 7.8 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: fs: jfs: Fix UBSAN: array-index-out-of-bounds in dbAllocDmapLev Syzkaller reported the following issue: UBSAN: array-index-out-of-bounds in fs/jfs/jfs_dmap.c:1965:6 index -84 is out of range for type 's8[341]' (aka 'signed char[341]') CPU: 1 PID: 4995 Comm: syz-executor146 Not tainted 6.4.0-rc6-syzkaller-00037-gb6dad5178cea #0 Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 05/27/2023 Call Trace: <TASK> __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:88 [inline] dump_stack_lvl+0x1e7/0x2d0 lib/dump_stack.c:106 ubsan_epilogue lib/ubsan.c:217 [inline] __ubsan_handle_out_of_bounds+0x11c/0x150 lib/ubsan.c:348 dbAllocDmapLev+0x3e5/0x430 fs/jfs/jfs_dmap.c:1965 dbAllocCtl+0x113/0x920 fs/jfs/jfs_dmap.c:1809 dbAllocAG+0x28f/0x10b0 fs/jfs/jfs_dmap.c:1350 dbAlloc+0x658/0xca0 fs/jfs/jfs_dmap.c:874 dtSplitUp fs/jfs/jfs_dtree.c:974 [inline] dtInsert+0xda7/0x6b00 fs/jfs/jfs_dtree.c:863 jfs_create+0x7b6/0xbb0 fs/jfs/namei.c:137 lookup_open fs/namei.c:3492 [inline] open_last_lookups fs/namei.c:3560 [inline] path_openat+0x13df/0x3170 fs/namei.c:3788 do_filp_open+0x234/0x490 fs/namei.c:3818 do_sys_openat2+0x13f/0x500 fs/open.c:1356 do_sys_open fs/open.c:1372 [inline] __do_sys_openat fs/open.c:1388 [inline] __se_sys_openat fs/open.c:1383 [inline] __x64_sys_openat+0x247/0x290 fs/open.c:1383 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:50 [inline] do_syscall_64+0x41/0xc0 arch/x86/entry/common.c:80 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0xcd RIP: 0033:0x7f1f4e33f7e9 Code: 28 00 00 00 75 05 48 83 c4 28 c3 e8 51 14 00 00 90 48 89 f8 48 89 f7 48 89 d6 48 89 ca 4d 89 c2 4d 89 c8 4c 8b 4c 24 08 0f 05 <48> 3d 01 f0 ff ff 73 01 c3 48 c7 c1 c0 ff ff ff f7 d8 64 89 01 48 RSP: 002b:00007ffc21129578 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000101 RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: 00007f1f4e33f7e9 RDX: 000000000000275a RSI: 0000000020000040 RDI: 00000000ffffff9c RBP: 00007f1f4e2ff080 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000 R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 00007f1f4e2ff110 R13: 0000000000000000 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000000 </TASK> The bug occurs when the dbAllocDmapLev()function attempts to access dp->tree.stree[leafidx + LEAFIND] while the leafidx value is negative. To rectify this, the patch introduces a safeguard within the dbAllocDmapLev() function. A check has been added to verify if leafidx is negative. If it is, the function immediately returns an I/O error, preventing any further execution that could potentially cause harm. Tested via syzbot.
CVE-2023-53500 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-01-23 7.8 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: xfrm: fix slab-use-after-free in decode_session6 When the xfrm device is set to the qdisc of the sfb type, the cb field of the sent skb may be modified during enqueuing. Then, slab-use-after-free may occur when the xfrm device sends IPv6 packets. The stack information is as follows: BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in decode_session6+0x103f/0x1890 Read of size 1 at addr ffff8881111458ef by task swapper/3/0 CPU: 3 PID: 0 Comm: swapper/3 Not tainted 6.4.0-next-20230707 #409 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.14.0-1.fc33 04/01/2014 Call Trace: <IRQ> dump_stack_lvl+0xd9/0x150 print_address_description.constprop.0+0x2c/0x3c0 kasan_report+0x11d/0x130 decode_session6+0x103f/0x1890 __xfrm_decode_session+0x54/0xb0 xfrmi_xmit+0x173/0x1ca0 dev_hard_start_xmit+0x187/0x700 sch_direct_xmit+0x1a3/0xc30 __qdisc_run+0x510/0x17a0 __dev_queue_xmit+0x2215/0x3b10 neigh_connected_output+0x3c2/0x550 ip6_finish_output2+0x55a/0x1550 ip6_finish_output+0x6b9/0x1270 ip6_output+0x1f1/0x540 ndisc_send_skb+0xa63/0x1890 ndisc_send_rs+0x132/0x6f0 addrconf_rs_timer+0x3f1/0x870 call_timer_fn+0x1a0/0x580 expire_timers+0x29b/0x4b0 run_timer_softirq+0x326/0x910 __do_softirq+0x1d4/0x905 irq_exit_rcu+0xb7/0x120 sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt+0x97/0xc0 </IRQ> <TASK> asm_sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt+0x1a/0x20 RIP: 0010:intel_idle_hlt+0x23/0x30 Code: 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 f3 0f 1e fa 41 54 41 89 d4 0f 1f 44 00 00 66 90 0f 1f 44 00 00 0f 00 2d c4 9f ab 00 0f 1f 44 00 00 fb f4 <fa> 44 89 e0 41 5c c3 66 0f 1f 44 00 00 f3 0f 1e fa 41 54 41 89 d4 RSP: 0018:ffffc90000197d78 EFLAGS: 00000246 RAX: 00000000000a83c3 RBX: ffffe8ffffd09c50 RCX: ffffffff8a22d8e5 RDX: 0000000000000001 RSI: ffffffff8d3f8080 RDI: ffffe8ffffd09c50 RBP: ffffffff8d3f8080 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: ffffed1026ba6d9d R10: ffff888135d36ceb R11: 0000000000000001 R12: 0000000000000001 R13: ffffffff8d3f8100 R14: 0000000000000001 R15: 0000000000000000 cpuidle_enter_state+0xd3/0x6f0 cpuidle_enter+0x4e/0xa0 do_idle+0x2fe/0x3c0 cpu_startup_entry+0x18/0x20 start_secondary+0x200/0x290 secondary_startup_64_no_verify+0x167/0x16b </TASK> Allocated by task 939: kasan_save_stack+0x22/0x40 kasan_set_track+0x25/0x30 __kasan_slab_alloc+0x7f/0x90 kmem_cache_alloc_node+0x1cd/0x410 kmalloc_reserve+0x165/0x270 __alloc_skb+0x129/0x330 inet6_ifa_notify+0x118/0x230 __ipv6_ifa_notify+0x177/0xbe0 addrconf_dad_completed+0x133/0xe00 addrconf_dad_work+0x764/0x1390 process_one_work+0xa32/0x16f0 worker_thread+0x67d/0x10c0 kthread+0x344/0x440 ret_from_fork+0x1f/0x30 The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff888111145800 which belongs to the cache skbuff_small_head of size 640 The buggy address is located 239 bytes inside of freed 640-byte region [ffff888111145800, ffff888111145a80) As commit f855691975bb ("xfrm6: Fix the nexthdr offset in _decode_session6.") showed, xfrm_decode_session was originally intended only for the receive path. IP6CB(skb)->nhoff is not set during transmission. Therefore, set the cb field in the skb to 0 before sending packets.
CVE-2023-53504 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-01-23 7.8 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: RDMA/bnxt_re: Properly order ib_device_unalloc() to avoid UAF ib_dealloc_device() should be called only after device cleanup. Fix the dealloc sequence.
CVE-2023-53506 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-01-23 7.8 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: udf: Do not bother merging very long extents When merging very long extents we try to push as much length as possible to the first extent. However this is unnecessarily complicated and not really worth the trouble. Furthermore there was a bug in the logic resulting in corrupting extents in the file as syzbot reproducer shows. So just don't bother with the merging of extents that are too long together.
CVE-2023-53507 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-01-23 7.8 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net/mlx5: Unregister devlink params in case interface is down Currently, in case an interface is down, mlx5 driver doesn't unregister its devlink params, which leads to this WARN[1]. Fix it by unregistering devlink params in that case as well. [1] [ 295.244769 ] WARNING: CPU: 15 PID: 1 at net/core/devlink.c:9042 devlink_free+0x174/0x1fc [ 295.488379 ] CPU: 15 PID: 1 Comm: shutdown Tainted: G S OE 5.15.0-1017.19.3.g0677e61-bluefield #g0677e61 [ 295.509330 ] Hardware name: https://www.mellanox.com BlueField SoC/BlueField SoC, BIOS 4.2.0.12761 Jun 6 2023 [ 295.543096 ] pc : devlink_free+0x174/0x1fc [ 295.551104 ] lr : mlx5_devlink_free+0x18/0x2c [mlx5_core] [ 295.561816 ] sp : ffff80000809b850 [ 295.711155 ] Call trace: [ 295.716030 ] devlink_free+0x174/0x1fc [ 295.723346 ] mlx5_devlink_free+0x18/0x2c [mlx5_core] [ 295.733351 ] mlx5_sf_dev_remove+0x98/0xb0 [mlx5_core] [ 295.743534 ] auxiliary_bus_remove+0x2c/0x50 [ 295.751893 ] __device_release_driver+0x19c/0x280 [ 295.761120 ] device_release_driver+0x34/0x50 [ 295.769649 ] bus_remove_device+0xdc/0x170 [ 295.777656 ] device_del+0x17c/0x3a4 [ 295.784620 ] mlx5_sf_dev_remove+0x28/0xf0 [mlx5_core] [ 295.794800 ] mlx5_sf_dev_table_destroy+0x98/0x110 [mlx5_core] [ 295.806375 ] mlx5_unload+0x34/0xd0 [mlx5_core] [ 295.815339 ] mlx5_unload_one+0x70/0xe4 [mlx5_core] [ 295.824998 ] shutdown+0xb0/0xd8 [mlx5_core] [ 295.833439 ] pci_device_shutdown+0x3c/0xa0 [ 295.841651 ] device_shutdown+0x170/0x340 [ 295.849486 ] __do_sys_reboot+0x1f4/0x2a0 [ 295.857322 ] __arm64_sys_reboot+0x2c/0x40 [ 295.865329 ] invoke_syscall+0x78/0x100 [ 295.872817 ] el0_svc_common.constprop.0+0x54/0x184 [ 295.882392 ] do_el0_svc+0x30/0xac [ 295.889008 ] el0_svc+0x48/0x160 [ 295.895278 ] el0t_64_sync_handler+0xa4/0x130 [ 295.903807 ] el0t_64_sync+0x1a4/0x1a8 [ 295.911120 ] ---[ end trace 4f1d2381d00d9dce ]---
CVE-2023-53508 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-01-23 7.8 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ublk: fail to start device if queue setup is interrupted In ublk_ctrl_start_dev(), if wait_for_completion_interruptible() is interrupted by signal, queues aren't setup successfully yet, so we have to fail UBLK_CMD_START_DEV, otherwise kernel oops can be triggered. Reported by German when working on qemu-storage-deamon which requires single thread ublk daemon.
CVE-2025-64217 2 Themegoods, Wordpress 2 Photography, Wordpress 2026-01-22 7.1 High
Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') vulnerability in ThemeGoods Photography photography allows Reflected XSS.This issue affects Photography: from n/a through <= 7.7.2.
CVE-2025-47584 1 Themegoods 1 Photography 2026-01-22 8.5 High
Deserialization of Untrusted Data vulnerability in ThemeGoods Photography.This issue affects Photography: from n/a through 7.5.2.
CVE-2024-21586 2 Juniper, Juniper Networks 22 Junos, Nfx150, Nfx250 and 19 more 2026-01-22 7.5 High
An Improper Check for Unusual or Exceptional Conditions vulnerability in the Packet Forwarding Engine (PFE) of Juniper Networks Junos OS on SRX Series and NFX Series allows an unauthenticated, network-based attacker to cause a Denial-of-Service (DoS). If an affected device receives specific valid traffic destined to the device, it will cause the PFE to crash and restart. Continued receipt and processing of this traffic will create a sustained DoS condition. This issue affects Junos OS on SRX Series: * 21.4 versions before 21.4R3-S7.9, * 22.1 versions before 22.1R3-S5.3, * 22.2 versions before 22.2R3-S4.11, * 22.3 versions before 22.3R3, * 22.4 versions before 22.4R3. This issue affects Junos OS on NFX Series: * 21.4 versions before 21.4R3-S8, * 22.1 versions after 22.1R1, * 22.2 versions before 22.2R3-S5, * 22.3 versions before 22.3R3, * 22.4 versions before 22.4R3. Junos OS versions prior to 21.4R1 are not affected by this issue.
CVE-2025-39352 1 Themegoods 1 Grand Restaurant 2026-01-22 8.2 High
Missing Authorization vulnerability in ThemeGoods Grand Restaurant WordPress allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Grand Restaurant WordPress: from n/a through 7.0.
CVE-2020-36922 1 Sony 3 Bravia, Bravia Signage, Bravia Tv 2026-01-22 7.5 High
Sony BRAVIA Digital Signage 1.7.8 contains an information disclosure vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to access sensitive system details through API endpoints. Attackers can retrieve network interface information, server configurations, and system metadata by sending requests to the exposed system API.
CVE-2024-39531 1 Juniper 7 Acx7020, Acx7024, Acx7024x and 4 more 2026-01-22 7.5 High
An Improper Handling of Values vulnerability in the Packet Forwarding Engine (PFE) of Juniper Networks Junos OS Evolved on ACX 7000 Series allows a network-based, unauthenticated attacker to cause a Denial-of-Service (DoS). If a value is configured for DDoS bandwidth or burst parameters for any protocol in a queue, all protocols which share the same queue will have their bandwidth or burst value changed to the new value. If, for example, OSPF was configured with a certain bandwidth value, ISIS would also be limited to this value. So inadvertently either the control plane is open for a high level of specific traffic which was supposed to be limited to a lower value, or the limit for a certain protocol is so low that chances to succeed with a volumetric DoS attack are significantly increased.  This issue affects Junos OS Evolved on ACX 7000 Series: * All versions before 21.4R3-S7-EVO, * 22.1 versions before 22.1R3-S6-EVO,  * 22.2 versions before 22.2R3-S3-EVO, * 22.3 versions before 22.3R3-S3-EVO,  * 22.4 versions before 22.4R3-S2-EVO, * 23.2 versions before 23.2R2-EVO, * 23.4 versions before 23.4R1-S1-EVO, 23.4R2-EVO.
CVE-2024-39565 1 Juniper 34 Ex2300, Ex2300-c, Ex3400 and 31 more 2026-01-22 8.8 High
An Improper Neutralization of Data within XPath Expressions ('XPath Injection') vulnerability in J-Web shipped with Juniper Networks Junos OS allows an unauthenticated, network-based attacker to execute remote commands on the target device.  While an administrator is logged into a J-Web session or has previously logged in and subsequently logged out of their J-Web session, the attacker can arbitrarily execute commands on the target device with the other user's credentials. In the worst case, the attacker will have full control over the device. This issue affects Junos OS:  * All versions before 21.2R3-S8,  * from 21.4 before 21.4R3-S7, * from 22.2 before 22.2R3-S4, * from 22.3 before 22.3R3-S3, * from 22.4 before 22.4R3-S2, * from 23.2 before 23.2R2, * from 23.4 before 23.4R1-S1, 23.4R2.
CVE-2023-36331 1 Exrick 1 Xmall 2026-01-22 8.2 High
Incorrect access control in the /member/orderList API of xmall v1.1 allows attackers to arbitrarily access other users' order details via manipulation of the query parameter userId.
CVE-2025-0359 1 Axis 2 Axis Os, Axis Os 2024 2026-01-22 8.5 High
During an annual penetration test conducted on behalf of Axis Communication, Truesec discovered a flaw in the ACAP Application framework that allowed applications to access restricted D-Bus methods within the framework. Axis has released patched AXIS OS versions for the highlighted flaw. Please refer to the Axis security advisory for more information and solution.
CVE-2025-0360 1 Axis 2 Axis Os, Axis Os 2024 2026-01-22 7.8 High
During an annual penetration test conducted on behalf of Axis Communication, Truesec discovered a flaw in the VAPIX Device Configuration framework that could lead to an incorrect user privilege level in the VAPIX service account D-Bus API.
CVE-2025-40942 1 Siemens 1 Telecontrol Server Basic 2026-01-22 8.8 High
A vulnerability has been identified in TeleControl Server Basic (All versions < V3.1.2.4). Affected application contains a local privilege escalation vulnerability that could allow an attacker to run arbitrary code with elevated privileges.
CVE-2025-21973 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-01-22 7.1 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: eth: bnxt: fix kernel panic in the bnxt_get_queue_stats{rx | tx} When qstats-get operation is executed, callbacks of netdev_stats_ops are called. The bnxt_get_queue_stats{rx | tx} collect per-queue stats from sw_stats in the rings. But {rx | tx | cp}_ring are allocated when the interface is up. So, these rings are not allocated when the interface is down. The qstats-get is allowed even if the interface is down. However, the bnxt_get_queue_stats{rx | tx}() accesses cp_ring and tx_ring without null check. So, it needs to avoid accessing rings if the interface is down. Reproducer: ip link set $interface down ./cli.py --spec netdev.yaml --dump qstats-get OR ip link set $interface down python ./stats.py Splat looks like: BUG: kernel NULL pointer dereference, address: 0000000000000000 #PF: supervisor read access in kernel mode #PF: error_code(0x0000) - not-present page PGD 1680fa067 P4D 1680fa067 PUD 16be3b067 PMD 0 Oops: Oops: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP NOPTI CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 1495 Comm: python3 Not tainted 6.14.0-rc4+ #32 5cd0f999d5a15c574ac72b3e4b907341 Hardware name: ASUS System Product Name/PRIME Z690-P D4, BIOS 0603 11/01/2021 RIP: 0010:bnxt_get_queue_stats_rx+0xf/0x70 [bnxt_en] Code: c6 87 b5 18 00 00 02 eb a2 66 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 0f 1f 44 01 RSP: 0018:ffffabef43cdb7e0 EFLAGS: 00010282 RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffffffffc04c8710 RCX: 0000000000000000 RDX: ffffabef43cdb858 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: ffff8d504e850000 RBP: ffff8d506c9f9c00 R08: 0000000000000004 R09: ffff8d506bcd901c R10: 0000000000000015 R11: ffff8d506bcd9000 R12: 0000000000000000 R13: ffffabef43cdb8c0 R14: ffff8d504e850000 R15: 0000000000000000 FS: 00007f2c5462b080(0000) GS:ffff8d575f600000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: 0000000000000000 CR3: 0000000167fd0000 CR4: 00000000007506f0 PKRU: 55555554 Call Trace: <TASK> ? __die+0x20/0x70 ? page_fault_oops+0x15a/0x460 ? sched_balance_find_src_group+0x58d/0xd10 ? exc_page_fault+0x6e/0x180 ? asm_exc_page_fault+0x22/0x30 ? bnxt_get_queue_stats_rx+0xf/0x70 [bnxt_en cdd546fd48563c280cfd30e9647efa420db07bf1] netdev_nl_stats_by_netdev+0x2b1/0x4e0 ? xas_load+0x9/0xb0 ? xas_find+0x183/0x1d0 ? xa_find+0x8b/0xe0 netdev_nl_qstats_get_dumpit+0xbf/0x1e0 genl_dumpit+0x31/0x90 netlink_dump+0x1a8/0x360
CVE-2025-21950 2 Debian, Linux 2 Debian Linux, Linux Kernel 2026-01-22 7.1 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drivers: virt: acrn: hsm: Use kzalloc to avoid info leak in pmcmd_ioctl In the "pmcmd_ioctl" function, three memory objects allocated by kmalloc are initialized by "hcall_get_cpu_state", which are then copied to user space. The initializer is indeed implemented in "acrn_hypercall2" (arch/x86/include/asm/acrn.h). There is a risk of information leakage due to uninitialized bytes.
CVE-2023-53024 2 Linux, Redhat 2 Linux Kernel, Enterprise Linux 2026-01-22 7.1 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: bpf: Fix pointer-leak due to insufficient speculative store bypass mitigation To mitigate Spectre v4, 2039f26f3aca ("bpf: Fix leakage due to insufficient speculative store bypass mitigation") inserts lfence instructions after 1) initializing a stack slot and 2) spilling a pointer to the stack. However, this does not cover cases where a stack slot is first initialized with a pointer (subject to sanitization) but then overwritten with a scalar (not subject to sanitization because the slot was already initialized). In this case, the second write may be subject to speculative store bypass (SSB) creating a speculative pointer-as-scalar type confusion. This allows the program to subsequently leak the numerical pointer value using, for example, a branch-based cache side channel. To fix this, also sanitize scalars if they write a stack slot that previously contained a pointer. Assuming that pointer-spills are only generated by LLVM on register-pressure, the performance impact on most real-world BPF programs should be small. The following unprivileged BPF bytecode drafts a minimal exploit and the mitigation: [...] // r6 = 0 or 1 (skalar, unknown user input) // r7 = accessible ptr for side channel // r10 = frame pointer (fp), to be leaked // r9 = r10 # fp alias to encourage ssb *(u64 *)(r9 - 8) = r10 // fp[-8] = ptr, to be leaked // lfence added here because of pointer spill to stack. // // Ommitted: Dummy bpf_ringbuf_output() here to train alias predictor // for no r9-r10 dependency. // *(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r6 // fp[-8] = scalar, overwrites ptr // 2039f26f3aca: no lfence added because stack slot was not STACK_INVALID, // store may be subject to SSB // // fix: also add an lfence when the slot contained a ptr // r8 = *(u64 *)(r9 - 8) // r8 = architecturally a scalar, speculatively a ptr // // leak ptr using branch-based cache side channel: r8 &= 1 // choose bit to leak if r8 == 0 goto SLOW // no mispredict // architecturally dead code if input r6 is 0, // only executes speculatively iff ptr bit is 1 r8 = *(u64 *)(r7 + 0) # encode bit in cache (0: slow, 1: fast) SLOW: [...] After running this, the program can time the access to *(r7 + 0) to determine whether the chosen pointer bit was 0 or 1. Repeat this 64 times to recover the whole address on amd64. In summary, sanitization can only be skipped if one scalar is overwritten with another scalar. Scalar-confusion due to speculative store bypass can not lead to invalid accesses because the pointer bounds deducted during verification are enforced using branchless logic. See 979d63d50c0c ("bpf: prevent out of bounds speculation on pointer arithmetic") for details. Do not make the mitigation depend on !env->allow_{uninit_stack,ptr_leaks} because speculative leaks are likely unexpected if these were enabled. For example, leaking the address to a protected log file may be acceptable while disabling the mitigation might unintentionally leak the address into the cached-state of a map that is accessible to unprivileged processes.